Overview: Cross-Sectional Studies PMC

Table Of Content

• Multiple variables
• What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research?
• What is a cross-sectional study?
• Antibiotic use and resistance patterns at Rumphi District Hospital in Malawi: a cross-sectional study
• Benefits of a Cross-Sectional Study
• Frequently asked questions about cross-sectional studies
• Methodology Series Module 3: Cross-sectional Studies

These are among antibiotics with diminished effectiveness reported in many studies on antimicrobial resistance pattern in Malawi and sub-Saharan region [13, 14]. As reported by the Global Research on AntiMicrobial resistance (GRAM), In 2019 alone, Malawi registered about 3600 deaths attributable to AMR [15]. This signifies the burden of bloodstream infections that pose a challenge to treat especially in resource-limited setting. At Rumphi district hospital, AMR has led to an upsurge of clinical failures with a third of clients with sexually transmitted infections (STI) returning to the facility after failing to respond to first line antibiotic treatment. One of the primary benefits of cross-sectional studies is their speed and cost-effectiveness, especially when compared to longitudinal studies.

Multiple variables

Recognizing stressors informs strategies for promoting adaptive coping, fostering deep learning, and creating supportive environments. Integrating stress management, mentorship, and counseling enhances student well-being and nursing education quality. The association between simulation design and educational satisfaction in the model was partially mediated by the mediating variable, which was the flow of the simulation. In other words, simulation design has a direct effect on simulation educational satisfaction, and an indirect effect on nursing students’ simulation educational satisfaction by affecting the flow of the simulation. The more immersive the simulation class, the greater the satisfaction with simulation-based education. Studies have shown that flow has a partial mediating effect between VR simulation design and educational satisfaction [17] and between simulation design and satisfaction and self-confidence [18].

What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research?

High workloads and patient care responsibilities may compel students to prioritize completing tasks over deep comprehension. This pressure could lead to a surface learning approach as students focus on meeting immediate demands rather than engaging deeply with course material. This observation aligns with the findings of Alsayed et al. (2021), who identified age, gender, and study year as significant factors influencing students’ learning approaches. The study observed a negative correlation between the deep learning approach and the overall mean stress score, contrasting with a positive correlation between surface learning approaches and overall stress levels. Elevated academic stress levels may diminish motivation and engagement in the learning process, potentially leading students to feel overwhelmed, disinterested, or burned out, prompting a shift toward a surface learning approach. This finding resonates with previous research indicating that nursing students who actively seek positive academic support strategies during academic stress have better prospects for success than those who do not [29].

What is a cross-sectional study?

According to the present study’s findings, nursing students encounter considerable academic stress, primarily stemming from heavy assignments and workload, as well as interactions with teachers and nursing staff. Additionally, it was observed that students who experience lower levels of academic stress typically adopt a deep learning approach, whereas those facing higher stress levels tend to resort to a surface learning approach. Demographic factors such as age, gender, and educational level influence nursing students’ choice of learning approach. Specifically, female students are more inclined towards deep learning, whereas male students prefer surface learning. Moreover, deep and surface learning approach scores show an upward trend with increasing educational levels and study hours. Academic stress emerges as a significant determinant shaping the adoption of learning approaches among nursing students.

This status indicates the address, which was on the USPS Delivery Sequence File at the time of sampling, currently is not occupied or no longer exists. The second category is “4.90 Other.” This category contains 588 addresses that were never mailed because they had a drop count of greater than four. The information available in the ABS frame on drop points is limited to the number of drop points at the address, without information on the type of households at the drop point, or how they should be labeled for mailing purposes. In this survey, all drop points were eligible for sampling, but only those with drop point counts of four or fewer were mailed. Westat treated drop point counts of five or more as out of scope, and no mailing was done for those addresses.

The primary purposes of observational studies are to describe and examine the distributions of independent (predictor) and dependent (outcome) variables in a population (sample) and analyze the associations between them (Cummings, 2013). Observational studies monitor study participants without providing study interventions. This paper describes the cross-sectional design, examines the strengths and weaknesses, and discusses some methods to report the results.

Frequently asked questions about cross-sectional studies

Do you want to be told if you have cancer? A cross-sectional survey of Ghanaians Published in Journal of Global ... - Journal of Global Health Reports

Do you want to be told if you have cancer? A cross-sectional survey of Ghanaians Published in Journal of Global ....

Posted: Sun, 13 Mar 2022 08:00:00 GMT [source]

Recipients thought to be more likely to use a specific language option, based on supplemental information in the sampling frame or their address location, were sent a paper screener in that language in addition to an English screener questionnaire. Those receiving a paper extended instrument were sent the extended survey in the language in which the screener was completed. Mailing addresses in census tracts from the lowest density stratum, strata 3, were excluded from the sampling frame. As a result, the frame excluded 54.1% of the 2020 census tracts, 49.1% of the U.S. adult population, including 9.1% of adults who self-identified as Asian alone or in combination with other races or Hispanic ethnicity.

in 10: Redefining the Asian American Dream (Short Film)

From the example, the investigators learned that obese HIV participants were more likely to be sedentary; the next study might develop a clinical trial to determine the methods to increase activity level in this population. Analytic cross-sectional studies can provide the groundwork to infer preliminary evidence for a causal relationship (Mann, 2012). This design allows investigators to identify a population or sample and collect prevalence data to evaluate outcome differences between exposed and unexposed participants on a disease, phenomena, or opinion (Wang & Cheng, 2020). This design compares the proportion of participants exposed to the disease or phenomena of interest with the proportion of participants non-exposed with the disease or phenomena of interest (Alexander, 2015a). However, determining which variable is the dependent and independent variable or cause and effect is difficult to determine. For example, the association between obesity and hours spent in sedentary behavior among HIV patients (see Table 1).

Methodology Series Module 3: Cross-sectional Studies

As such the PPS findings on the pattern of antimicrobial use may not be a true reflection of the hospital prescribing practices which are usually dynamic. Moreover, few facilities participated at national level hence findings did not reflect national level. However, the combination of the PPS findings, the patents antibiotic history as well as laboratory AMR data improved the validity and reliability of the study outcomes.

Participants’ mobile phone numbers that were collected to provide rewards were permanently deleted immediately after the rewards were sent. The recruitment document and study description were delivered through the fourth-year class representative. A number of sensitivity checks were performed to test the robustness of the findings, and the main conclusions were consistently upheld. Westat used the disposition results to compute response rates consistent with AAPOR definitions.

Determination of treatment failure was based on the clinician’s judgment and was recorded in the patient case notes as persistence or worsening of signs and symptoms during the course of antibiotic treatment. Data with missing values for age, sample type or results for culture tests were excluded. The second set of records were files for hospitalized patients reviewed during PPS as described in the subsequent paragraphs. We conducted a cross-sectional study of antimicrobial prescribing patterns among hospitalized patients and analyzed laboratory antimicrobial susceptibility tests results for patients who presented with suspected antibiotic treatment failures. We further made a review of PPS findings to ascertain prevalence of antibiotic use and prescribing practices in hospital wards.

Association between children's resilience and practising oral habits: a cross-sectional study British Dental Journal - Nature.com

Association between children's resilience and practising oral habits: a cross-sectional study British Dental Journal.

Posted: Fri, 17 Feb 2023 08:00:00 GMT [source]

It’s cost-effective, quick to conduct, and provides a broad view of a population’s characteristics or behaviors at a specific time. QuestionPro provides various tools for analyzing your collected data, cross-tabulation, and more. Whether you’re a researcher, marketer, or business professional, QuestionPro can help you gather the data you need to make informed decisions.

This lack of experience may have limited their ability to understand students’ experiences in simulation situations, which, in turn, affected their ability to provide students with the support they needed during simulation. This descriptive survey study investigates factors related to simulation educational satisfaction among nursing students. Deep learners often demonstrate better self-regulation skills, such as effective time management, goal setting, and seeking support when needed. These skills can help manage academic stress and maintain a balanced learning approach.

For the largest five Asian ethnic subgroups, Filipinos had the largest percentage of excluded adults, with 6.8%, while Indians had the lowest with 4.2% of the adults. This stratification and the assignment of differential sampling rates to the strata were critical design components because of the rareness of the Asian American adult population. A convenient sample of 1010 nursing students participated, completing socio-demographic data, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Revised Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2 F). It is quite concerning to note that strong antibiotics such as Tigecycline that have shown 100% sensitivity over all resistant isolates are not included in the Malawi essential medicines list.

Our entire website, survey app, and online surveys made by our platform are highly secured. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Like any research design, cross-sectional studies have various benefits and drawbacks. Case-control studies differ from cross-sectional studies in that case-control studies compare groups retrospectively and cannot be used to calculate relative risk.